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Homeopathy is a technique approved by the MAPA for organic production systems. Experiments demonstrating the effectiveness of homeopathy in agriculture are essential. Aims: To evaluate the effects of homeopathic treatment on soybean seed germination. Methodology: The experiment was performed in MS-Brazil. An area of 70 m² was used, divided into two comparison plots of 30 m² each. The soil of plot 1 (treated group) was treated with 5.25 kg of powdered Lithothamniummixed with 250 ml of 30% hydroalcoholic solution (HS) containing homeopathic ingredients. The soil of plot 2 (control group) was treated with thesame preparationbutwithout homeopathic ingredients. Additionally, the 400 seeds assigned toplot 1 were treated with 0,3 ml of a solution made up of 10 ml of 30% HS with homeopathic ingredients dilutedin 300 ml of water. The 400 seeds assigned toplot 2 were treated with 0.3 ml of a solutionmade up of 10 ml of HS without homeopathic ingredients diluted in 300 ml of water. The homeopathic ingredients Sulph 9C, Mag-c12C, and Calc-p 9C were used on soil and seed treatment. The selection and prescription of those ingredients followed Materia Medica instructions. The experiment was conducted using randomized design and 400 seeds per group were sown. Results and discussion: In plot 1, anaverage of 11 seeds per m² germinated, adding up to 330 germinated seeds at a percentage of 82.5%. In plot 2, an average of 7 seeds per m² germinated, adding up to 210 germinated seeds at a percentage of 52.5%. The frequency of seed germinationin both groups was assessed by the Chi-square test to check for significant differences(p<0.05). There was a statistical difference (p<0.05) in the seed germination in the treated group (n=330) compared to the control group (n=210). Conclusion:Homeopathic compounds can be used as a viable treatment for soybean germination.
Subject(s)
Quantum Theory , Soybeans , Germination , Sustainable Agriculture , HomeopathyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Schizolobium parahyba is a fast-growing tropical tree, with various uses: forestry, agroforestry, landscaping, boat building, cabinetmaking and light packaging. Studies of morphometry and viability of forest species seeds are important for their identification, conservation and sustainable use. The objective of the study was to describe the morphometric and viability characteristics of the seeds of S. parahyba. Seeds of free pollination of plantations from three locations in Tierralta (Córdoba - Colombia) were used. In each plantation, five trees were randomly taken and, of each, 100 seeds to estimate the morphometric characteristics and seed weight. The morphological description was made with a sample of 10 seeds. The viability was determined by the tetrazolium test in an experiment under a completely randomized design, with six treatments and four replicates of 25 seeds each. The six treatments corresponded to the combinations of three concentrations of tetrazolium (0.5; 1.0 and 1.5%) and two staining times (2 and 3 hours). The width, length, and ratio width / length of the seed showed little variation, compared to the freshweight of a seed, freshweight of 100 seeds and number of seeds per kilogram. Tetrazolium and germination tests showed similar and reliable results. The concentration of 0.5% tetrazolium, with immersion of 2 hours, was sufficient to determine the viability of seeds of S. parahyba.
RESUMEN Schizolobium parahyba es un árbol tropical de crecimiento rápido, con diversos usos: forestería, agroforestería, paisajismo, construcción de embarcaciones, ebanistería y embalajes livianos. Los estudios de morfometría y viabilidad de semillas de especies forestales son importantes para la identificación, la conservación y el uso sostenible de éstas. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características morfométricas y viabilidad de la semilla de S. parahyba. Se utilizó semilla sexual de polinizaciónlibre de plantaciones de tres localidades de Tierralta (Córdoba, Colombia). En cada plantación, se tomaron al azar cinco árboles y de cada uno 100 semillas, para la estimación de las características morfométricas y el peso de la semilla. La descripción morfológica, se hizo con una muestra de 10 semillas. La viabilidad, se determinó mediante la prueba de tetrazolio, en un experimento bajo un diseño completamente al azar, con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones de 25 semillas cada una; los seis tratamientos correspondieron a las combinaciones de tres concentraciones de tetrazolio (0,5; 1,0 y 1,5%) y dos tiempos de tinción (2 y 3 horas). Las características de ancho, longitud y relación ancho/longitud de la semilla, acusaron poca variación, en comparación con el peso de una semilla, peso frescode 100 semillas y número de semilla por kilogramo. Las pruebas de tetrazolio y de germinaciónmostraron resultados similares y confiables. La concentración de 0,5% de tetrazolio, con inmersión de 2 horas, es suficiente para determinar la viabilidad de la semilla de S. parahyba.
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Aim: To study the influence of seed priming on the pattern of capsule and seed development in sesame. Place and Duration of Study: The field experiment was conducted during the pre kharif seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in sesame variety Savitri at AB Block farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Methodology: Experiment was laid out in split plot design with 3 replications. Ten schedules of seed priming viz T1 (KNO3 @ 10 mM), T2 (KNO3 @ 20 mM), T3 (KNO3 @ 50 mM), T4 (KH2PO4 @ 50 mM), T5 (KH2PO4 @ 100 mM),T6 (KH2PO4 @ 200 mM), T7 [Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 @ -0.4 MPa], T8 [Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 @ -0.3 MPa], T9 [Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 @ -0.2 MPa], T10 Distilled water (Hydro priming) along with control T11 (Dry seed) were taken as main plot treatment and stage of harvest was considered as sub plot treatment. The pattern of capsule and seed development was studied at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), 20 days after anthesis (DAA), 30 days after anthesis (DAA), 40 days after anthesis (DAA) and 50 days after anthesis (DAA) interval. Ten plants from each replication and in each treatment were selected at random to record data on morphological and physiological characters. Results: Fresh capsule length, fresh capsule breadth, fresh capsule weight, fresh seed weight and dry seed weight showed a steady increase up to 40 days after anthesis (DAA) then decreased slowly up to maturity. Conclusion: Considering seed yield and quality parameters, T7 [Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 @ -0.4 MPa] and T9 [Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 @ -0.2 MPa] appears to be ideal among the treatments for quality seed production in sesame.
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Rationale: Crop production and quality of produce get affected by drought, stand establishment and low availability of nutrients. Apart from various prevailing methods, seed treatment through priming now-a-days has been found to noticeably improve crop establishment for increasing seed yield and quality. Aim: To study the effect of various seed priming options on rapeseed-mustard varieties. Place of Study: A field experiment was conducted at AB Block Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India during winter season of 2017-2018. Methodology: Experiment comprised six rapeseed-mustard varieties (Anushka, Sanchita, TBM-143,TBM-204, Kranti and Pusa Bold) in main plot and five seed priming options (KH2PO4 @ 0.15 mol 100 ml water-1 5 g seeds-1, KNO3 @ 0.1 mol 100 ml water-1 5 g seeds-1, PEG 6000 @ -0.3 MPa 100 ml water-1 5 g seeds-1, hydro priming @ 100 ml 5 g seeds-1 and control) in subplot, replicated thrice in a split plot design. Observations on growth and yield contributing parameters were recorded from the field. Further, various quality parameters of seed and seedlings were evaluated in the laboratory. Data on all the parameters were finally statistically analyzed. Results: Among the varieties, Pusa Bold performed better in terms of growth, yield contributing parameters and seed yield under seed priming through either KH2PO4 @ 0.15 mol 100 ml water-1 5 g seeds-1 or PEG 6000 @ -0.3 MPa 100 ml water-1 5 g seeds-1. Seed and seedling quality parameters such as root and shoot lengths, seedling fresh and dry weights, germination % and vigour index were also improved under the same. Conclusion: Cultivation of mustard variety, Pusa Bold by seed priming through any of those two chemicals (KH2PO4 or PEG 6000) can be recommended for New alluvial zone of West Bengal, India.
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ABSTRACT: In Brazil, horseweed is one of the most important weeds because of the resistance to herbicides and high competitive for the crops. A large of losses were reported in major crops such as soybeans, wheat and corn, where the use a no-tillage system and the herbicide resistance promote better establishment. A correct understanding of the way temperature influences germination enables the prediction of the regions with the highest potential for colonization by this weed and thus facilitates its control. The objective of this study; therefore, was to discern the ways temperature affected the germination, viability and longevity of horseweed seeds. Testing was done at 10, 20 and 30°C, while evaluation occurred on days 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60. Seeds were packed in a nylon mesh bag (5x5cm), with 10g of upland soil (Yellow Red Argissolo, sandy loam texture), placed in transparent plastic boxes at 0 to 0.5cm soil depth, at the temperatures specified. Percentage of remaining seeds, first and second germination counts, abnormal seedlings, and dead, dormant, viable and non-viable seeds, were assessed. Horseweed seeds achieve secondary dormancy at 10, 20 and 30°C, while their quality and the longevity showed damage at 20 and 30°C temperatures.
RESUMO: No Brasil, a buva (Conyza spp.) é uma das principais plantas daninhas devido à resistência a herbicidas e alta competividade com as culturas. Esta é responsável por perdas de produtividade em culturas como soja, milho, algodão e trigo cuja implementação da semeadura direta e a resistência aos herbicidas favorecem seu estabelecimento. O conhecimento do efeito da temperatura na germinação permite prever as regiões com maior potencial de colonização e auxiliar no manejo. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o efeito da temperatura na germinação, viabilidade e longevidade de sementes de buva em solo de terras altas. As temperaturas testadas foram 10, 20 e 30ºC e os períodos de avaliação 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias. As sementes foram acondicionadas em saco de malha de nylon (5 x 5cm), distribuídas em 10g de solo de terras altas (Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo, de textura franco-arenosa), e, alocadas em caixas gerbox com solo a profundidade de 0 a 0,5 cm, nas temperaturas descritas. Avaliou-se em percentagem de sementes remanescentes, primeira e segunda contagem de germinação, plântulas anormais, sementes mortas, dormentes, viáveis e não viáveis. A semente de buva atinge dormência secundária, nas temperaturas de 10, 20 e 30ºC e sua qualidade e longevidade são prejudicadas nas temperaturas de 20 e 30ºC.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the seed quality of C.deserticola and establish quality grading rules of seeds by detecting the impacts of different processing methods on the contents of the effective components of C.deserticola for optimizing the suitable processing method.The seed quality was judged by thousand-kernel weight,empty embryo rate and water content.The samples were preliminary processed by freeze-drying,natural drying and hot air circulation drying respectively,and the content of phenylethanoid glycosides was determined by HPLC-UV.The seed quality classification standard of C.deserticola was established,and the seeds were divided into three grades based on the standard.It was found that freeze-drying method was optimum,featuring less effective component loss,beautiful appearance of herbal piece,crisp texture and fast drying.In conclusion,this study laid a foundation for the quality control of the seeds of C.deserticola with the provision of scientific evidence for the initial processing of the fresh product.
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ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate aspects of reproductive phenology, yield components and seed quality of the B4 genotype of Brachiaria brizantha in function of nitrogen doses applied at pre-flowering. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Beef Cattle, in a randomized block design, with seeding density of 2.59kg SPV ha-1 in the first year, in free growth plants. Urea was applied at pre-flowering at doses of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150kg ha-1. The reproductive cycle of the plant lasts 225 days, with late flowering. N doses influenced the following characteristics: number of fully expanded inflorescences, percentage of dry matter, dry biomass, number of spikelets per raceme, seed yield, weight of a thousand seeds, germination, germination speed index, viability and germination at 10 months after harvest. The maximum yield of pure seed was 144.8kg ha-1 for 50kg ha-1 N, with maximum biological potential, based on components of seed yield of 456.27kg ha-1. Seeds presented high dormancy and reduced physiological quality in higher N doses.
RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar aspectos da fenologia reprodutiva, componentes do rendimento e qualidade de sementes do genótipo B4 de Brachiaria brizantha em função de doses de nitrogênio aplicado no pré-florescimento. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Gado de Corte, em blocos casualizados, densidade de semeadura de 2,59kg SPV ha-1, em plantas de primeiro ano e em crescimento livre. Ureia foi aplicada no pré-florescimento nas doses 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150kg ha-1. O ciclo reprodutivo da planta foi de 225 dias, com florescimento tardio. Doses de N influenciaram o número de inflorescências totalmente emergidas, porcentagem de matéria seca, biomassa seca, número de espiguetas por racemo, produtividade de sementes puras, peso de mil sementes, germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, viabilidade e germinação aos 10 meses da colheita. A produtividade máxima de sementes puras foi 144,8kg ha-1 para 50kg ha-1 N, com potencial biológico máximo, baseado nos componentes da produção de sementes de 456,27kg ha-1. As sementes apresentaram dormência elevada e redução na qualidade fisiológica nas maiores doses de N.
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The use of tetrazolium test is important in the evaluation of seeds lot quality and it has been adopted for vigor and viability identification for several species. The interest on the production of oil radish is increasing since the seeds were considered a good source of oil for biofuel production. The development of the tetrazolium test methodology for seeds of this species can improve the seed quality control process, and additionally will provide information for the characterization of remaining seeds (dead or dormant) in the germination tests. To verify the ideal conditions to tetrazolium test was conducted two experiments. At the first, oil radish seeds cultivar CATI AL-1000, lots from 2001 and 2006 were submitted to imbibition between paper in water for 6 hours. After the longitudinal cut in the longest direction, the seeds were immersed in the tetrazolium solution at the concentrations of 0,075%, 0,5% and 1% at 25°C for 3h, 12h and 18h. In the second experiment, oil radish seeds cultivar CATI AL-1000 lot from 2005 and IPR 116 cultivar, lots from 2004 and 2005 were immersed in the concentrations of ,1%; 0,2%; 0,3% and 0,4% of tetrazolium solution for 12 hours at a 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C. At the first experiment was observed the necessity of test intermediate concentrations between 0,075% and 0,5%, since with 0,075% the seeds stained weakly and with 0,5% the test results, were overestimated. In the second experiment was observed that the 0,3% concentration at 30°C can be recommended for the utilization of tetrazolium test to evaluation of oil radish seeds viability.
A utilização do teste de tetrazólio é importante na avaliação da qualidade de lotes de sementes e vem sendo adotado para várias espécies na identificação do vigor e viabilidade. A adequação da metodologia do teste de tetrazólio para sementes de nabo forrageiro, espécie que vem se destacando como fonte de óleo para produção de biocombustíveis, poderia melhorar o processo de controle de qualidade. Além disso, a utilização do teste poderá fornecer subsídios para identificação de sementes remanescentes (mortas e dormentes) nos testes de germinação. Para verificar as condições ideais para a realização do teste de tetrazólio, em um 1º experimento as sementes de nabo forrageiro da cultivar CATI AL-1000, lotes de 2001 e 2006, foram submetidas à embebição entre papel em água por 6 horas. Após corte longitudinal no maior sentido as sementes foram imersas nas concentrações de 0,075%; 0,5% e 1,0% de solução de tetrazólio a 25ºC por 3 h, 12 h e 18 horas. Em um 2º experimento sementes de nabo forrageiro da cultivar CATI AL-1000, lote de 2005 e cultivar IPR 116 lotes de 2004 e 2005, foram imersas nas concentrações de 0,1%; 0,2%; 0,3% e 0,4% de solução de tetrazólio a 25°C, 30°C, 35°C e 40°C por 12 horas. Pelo 1º experimento foram observados a necessidade de testar concentrações intermediárias entre 0,075% e 0,5%, visto que, com 0,075% as sementes coloriram fracamente e com 0,5% os resultados do teste foram superestimados. No 2º experimento observou-se que a concentração 0,3% a 30°C pode ser recomendada para utilização no teste de tetrazólio para avaliação da viabilidade de sementes de nabo forrageiro.
Subject(s)
Quality Control , Seeds , Plant Oils , Raphanus , Brassica napusABSTRACT
O fósforo (P) é um nutriente limitante na produtividade do feijoeiro e pode influenciar na composição química de sementes. O trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da adubação fosfatada e de épocas de cultivo ('águas' e 'seca'), na composição química de sementes de duas cultivares de feijoeiro. O experimento foi realizado em Botucatu (SP), no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições. As cultivares de feijão 'Carioca Precoce' e 'IAC Carioca Tybatã' foram avaliadas no cultivo 'das águas' e 'da seca' sob seis doses de P2O5 (0; 30; 60; 90; 120 e 150kg ha-1) com aplicação de superfosfato triplo no sulco de semeadura. Amostras de sementes foram analisadas para determinação dos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, açúcar total e redutor e proteína. A adubação fosfatada alterou a composição química das sementes, incremento nos teores de P e redução de Ca e Cu. Os teores de K e Fe apresentam ponto de mínima nas doses de 69,9 e 66kg ha-1 de P2O5, respectivamente. O cultivo na época 'da seca' favorece os teores de N, P e proteínas das sementes. A cultivar 'Carioca Precoce' apresenta maior teor de N e proteínas nas sementes em relação a 'IAC Carioca Tybatã'. Há interação cultivar e época de cultivo para o teor de S, Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Cu, açúcares totais e redutores.
Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient in common bean grain yield and may influence the chemical composition of seeds. The aim was to assess the effects of phosphorus fertilization and planting dates ('water' and 'dry') in the seeds chemical composition of two dry bean cultivars. A field experiment was carried out in Botucatu (SP) in a randomized block design with five replications. Two dry bean cultivars 'Carioca Precoce' e 'IAC Carioca Tybatã' were evaluated in growing 'water' and 'drought' in six levels of P2O5 (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150kg ha-1) applying superphosphate at planting row. It was assessed seed samples to determine the levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, total and reducing sugar and protein. The phosphorus in the soil alters the seeds chemical composition, increasing contents of P and decreasing Ca and Cu contents. The K and Fe contents showed minimum point at a level of 69.9 and 66kg ha-1 of P2O5, respectively. It was observed that occurred increase in contents of N, P, and protein of seeds in the growing season 'drought'. The cultivar 'Carioca Precoce' showed higher N content and protein of seeds than 'IAC Carioca Tybatã'. There is interaction between cultivar and growing season for the content of S, Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Cu, total and reducing sugars.
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A study was conducted during the winter season of 2011/12 to find out the suitable measures for quality seed production of broccoli cv. Calabrese. The experiment was laid out in three factorial RCBD with three replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogenous fertilizer viz. 100, 150, 200, 250 kg ha-1 N, two levels of Boron viz. 15 kg ha-1 borax and no borax, two levels of head harvesting viz. head harvest at marketable stage and no head harvest. The results revealed that nitrogen levels, application of boron and head harvest significantly influenced the seed yield of broccoli. The highest seed yield (1296 kg ha-1) was obtained with 200 kg ha-1 N applied along with 15 kg ha-1 borax and main head harvesting. The seed quality parameters like test weight, germination percent and vigor index were also influenced by treatments. Significantly higher test weight was obtained with 200 kg ha-1 N, borax @ 15 kg ha-1 and head harvesting. Similarly, germination percent and vigor index of seed were significantly higher with 150- 200 kg ha-1 N application, borax @ 15 kg ha-1 and harvesting of main head. Comparing these treatments nitrogen 200 kg ha-1 along with borax 15 kg ha-1 and main head harvesting was found superior and economical for seed production of broccoli with B:C ratio of 4.79.
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A espécie Ocimum gratissimum L. é um subarbusto aromático, pertencente à família Lamiaceae, considerado como importante produtor de óleo essencial e largamente utilizado na medicina popular. Devido à escassez de informações sobre a conservação das sementes dessa espécie o presente estudo objetivou analisar a longevidade das sementes submetidas a diferentes condições de armazenamento, por 12 meses, através de avaliações do potencial germinativo e da capacidade de formação de plântulas normais. As sementes foram armazenadas em três tipos de embalagens: sacos de papel, sacos de papel aluminizado, e frascos de vidro, e nas seguintes condições ambientais: balcão de laboratório, geladeira, e câmara fria. Aos 6, 8, 10 e 12 meses de armazenamento foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: umidade, porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e porcentagem de plântulas normais. Durante o período de armazenamento a manutenção da umidade nas sementes foi mantida, bem como a porcentagem de germinação e de plântulas normais em todos os tratamentos avaliados. As sementes armazenadas apresentaram maiores valores de IVG quando comparadas com as recém-colhidas.
The Ocimum gratissimum L. species is an aromatic subshrub that belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is considered as an important producer of essential oil, widely used in folk medicine. Because of the lack of information about the conservation of O. gratissimum seeds, we aimed to evaluate the longevity of the seeds on different storage conditions for 12 months through the germination and seedling formation percentage in this study. The seeds were stored in three types of packages: paper bags (permeable), aluminized paper bags (semipermeable) and glass flasks (impermeable), in the settings of laboratory bench, refrigerator and cold room over the 12 month period. The germination tests were performed on the 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th month, when moisture, germinability, germination velocity index and percentage of normal seedlings were evaluated. During the storage period, moisture, germinability and percentage of normal seedling were kept in each storage condition. The stored seeds showed increased values of GSI compared to the newly- harvested ones.
Subject(s)
Seeds/growth & development , Ocimum/growth & development , Product Storage , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Germination , Seedlings/growth & development , LongevityABSTRACT
Objective: To establish the system of the quality evaluation technology for the seeds of Cynomorium songaricum and to draw up the quality grading standard for the seeds of C. songaricum. Methods: A stereomicroscope, electronic balance, and the method of in vitro embryo culture were used to measure the morphology, grain, and embryo rate and viability for the seeds of C. songaricum. The method of mathematical statistics were adopted to analyze the main index and reference index of dividing grades of seed; The method of standard deviation was applied in developing the seed quality grading standard. Results: Seeds were 1.03-1.63 mm long and 0.69-1.23 mm wide, kernel was about 0.61-1.05 mm long and 0.50-0.50 mm wide. There was a significant correlation among seed morphological indexes (P 0.05) and there was no correlation among the thousand-grain weight, viability, and embryo rate (P > 0.05), while there was a significant correlation between the viability and embryo rate (P < 0.01); the viability was the main index in the quality grading for the seeds of C. songaricum; while the clarity, grain, and water were the reference indicators of quality grading of the seeds. Conclusion: The seed quality of each grade should reach the following requirements. For the first grade seeds: seed viability is not less than 98%, purity is not less than 93%, housand-grain weight is not less than 0.8 g, water content is not higher than 8.0%; for the second grade seeds, the seed viability is not less than 95%-98%, the purity is not less than 86%, the thousand-grain weight is not less than 0.7 g, water content is not higher than 8.0%; for the third grade seeds, seed viability is not less than 90%-95%, purity is not less than 80%, thousand-grain weight is not less than 0.5 g, water content is not higher than 8.0%; seeds that do not reach the standard of the third level are unqualified ones.
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A study was conducted to find out the role of honeybees on pollination, seed setting and seed quality of hybrid sunflower. The foraging behavior of natural bee visitants was studied on the parental lines of sunflower hybrid NDSH1 during the flowering period. Most predominant bees observed are Rock bees, Apis dorsata, European bee, Apis mellifera, Indian bee, Apis cerana indica and Stingless bees, Trigona irridipenis. Bee visitants are more on R line compared to A line. The seed setting percentage and seed yield were significantly increased when the honeybees were supplemented to the open pollination. The yields were drastically reduced when the crop was covered with insect proof net. In addition, increased seedling vigour, germination%, field emergence, oil content and quality of seed was observed with the deployment of honey bees coupled with supplemental hand pollination.
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Nos últimos anos, a expansão da cultura do girassol promoveu uma busca por material genético mais competitivo, além de sementes com uma máxima qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária. No campo, a época de colheita e a nutrição das plantas são de fundamental importância na expressão dessas qualidades. Com isso, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de girassol submetidas a diferentes doses de fósforo e suas localizações dentro da inflorescência. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (3x2), sendo o primeiro fator a localização da semente na inflorescência (periferia, meio e centro) e, o segundo, doses de fósforo (zero e 70kg ha-1 de super-simples), sendo sua aplicação realizada durante a implantação da cultura. As sementes foram submetidas à determinação do teor de água, peso de mil sementes, peso das sementes por localização na inflorescência e a testes de germinação e vigor (primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação). A adubação fosfatada proporciona aumento na qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de girassol. A região da periferia junto com o meio contribui em maior parte para a obtenção de uma melhor qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de girassol. A qualidade física é afetada pela localização das sementes na inflorescência, cujas mais pesadas se encontram na periferia, seguidas das do meio e tendo o centro com as sementes mais leves.
In recent years, the expansion of sunflower promoted a search for genetic material more competitive, and for seeds with a maximum physical, physiological and health quality. In the field, harvesting time and plant nutrition are essential in the expression of these qualities. With this objective, this research aimed to evaluate the physical and physiological quality of sunflower seeds under different phosphorus levels and locations within the same inflorescence. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial (3x2), being the first factor, the location of the seed in the inflorescence (outside, middle and center) and the second phosphorus levels (zero and to 70kg ha-1 super-simple). Its application was performed during the culture deployment . Seeds were subjected to the moisture content determination, thousand seed weight, seed weight per inflorescence location in germination and vigor (first count and index of germination rate). Phosphorus fertilization allowed an increase in physical and physiological quality of sunflower seeds. The region along the periphery with the environment contributes in most to obtain a better physical and physiological quality of sunflower seeds. The physical quality is affected by the location of seeds in inflorescences, which are heavier in the periphery, followed by middle and having the center with lighter seeds.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as variáveis da análise de sementes de abóbora que melhor predizem a emergência de plântulas dessa cultura. O trabalho foi realizado no Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Três lotes de sementes de abóbora de cada um dos cultivares 'Caserta', 'De Tronco', 'Caravela' e 'Menina Brasileira' foram utilizados. Foi determinada a percentagem de plântulas normais nos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, teste de envelhecimento acelerado, temperatura subótima, teste de frio, massa seca de raiz, de hipocótilo e de total de plântula, comprimento de raiz, comprimento de hipocótilo, comprimento total de plântula, emergência de plântulas, índice de velocidade de emergência e comprimento do hipocótilo na emergência. As variáveis avaliadas nas plântulas foram submetidas à análise de trilha e a percentagem de plântulas normais obtidas nos testes de sementes, submetidas à análise de regressão múltipla stepwise, considerando a emergência de plântulas como variável resposta. Foi realizada também a análise de fatores com todas as variáveis avaliadas. O teste de temperatura subótima foi o melhor estimador da emergência de plântulas da cultura, para todos os cultivares avaliados.
The aim of the study was to identify the squash seed analysis variables that major predict the plants emergency of this culture. The research was carried out at the Crop Science Department in the Federal University of Santa Maria. Three lots of squash seeds of each cultivars 'Caserta', 'De Tronco', 'Caravela' and 'Menina Brasileira' were utilized. It was determine de normal seedlings percentage of the germination test, first counting of germination, accelerated aging test, sub optimum temperature test, cold test, root dry mass, hypocotil dry mass and seedlings total dry mass, root length, hypocotil length, seedlings total length, seedlings emergency, emergency speed index and hypocotil length at emergency. The seedlings variables were analyzed through the path analysis and the tests variable through the stepwise multiple regression, considering the seedlings emergency to the seven days as variable main. The data were also submitted to the factors analysis. The sub optimum temperature test was the better seedlings emergency estimator of this culture, for all the cultivars available.
ABSTRACT
O teste de envelhecimento acelerado é importante ferramenta que pode ser usada também em programas de melhoramento genético, na seleção de genótipos com potencial de armazenamento e desenvolvimento em condições de altas umidade relativa do ar e temperatura. Para sementes de soja, a temperatura e o tempo de exposição nesse teste ainda não foram totalmente estabelecidos, fatores que ainda causam divergência entre pesquisadores, principalmente quanto aos períodos mais adequados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de sementes de soja após diferentes períodos de envelhecimento acelerado. Sementes das cultivares IAC-15, CAC-1, FT-Estrela e IAC-Foscarin 31 foram submetidas aos testes de germinação, de condutividade elétrica e de envelhecimento acelerado (41ï°C durante 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72 e 76 horas). Os genótipos estudados diferem entre si quanto à sensibilidade ao envelhecimento acelerado e todos são sensíveis ao aumento do tempo de exposição no teste de envelhecimento acelerado, em especial em 76 horas; o teste de envelhecimento acelerado pode ser usado na seleção de genótipos em programas de melhoramento genético; deve ser explicitado o número de horas utilizados na realização do teste de envelhecimento acelerado em sementes de soja, em função de ser o período de exposição recomendado de 48 a 72 horas; - as cultivares FT-Estrela, CAC-1 e IAC-Foscarin podem ser semeadas em regiões quentes e úmidas.
Accelerated aging test is an important procedure to be used, beyond other aim, for breeding programs to select cultivars with storage and development potential under high relative humidity and temperature. At accelerated aging test in soybean seeds, the temperature and time of exhibition they were not still totally established, factors that cause divergence among the researchers, mainly with relationship to the most appropriate periods. The aim was to evaluate the behavior of soybean seeds submitted to accelerated aging test. Seeds of the varieties IAC-15, CAC-1, FT-Estrela and IAC-Foscarin 31 were submitted to germination test, electrical conductivity and accelerated aging (41ï°C, during 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72 and 76 hours). There are differences among cultivars evaluated in relation to accelerated aging test sensibilility; the cultivars are sensibles to increasing the exposition time; the acceleratedaging test can be used to select cultivars in breeding programs; the cultivar FT-Estrela can be sowed at regions with high temperature and humidity
Subject(s)
Crop Production , Agriculture , Plant Breeding , SoybeansABSTRACT
O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor e exportador de soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) no mundo. A produção é altamente dependente de fatores climáticos, incluindo a temperatura e quantidade de chuva. A soja cultivada no sul do país em 2005 sofreu déficit hídrico causado por temperaturas altas acompanhado por umidade baixa durante o estádio reprodutivo. Pouco se sabe sobre a influência do déficit hídrico na degradação da clorofila e na qualidade dos grãos em geral. Nesse trabalho foram analisadas, numa primeira etapa, as características químicas e bioquímicas de cinco amostras de soja, provenientes de três cultivares que cresceram sob déficit hídrico e que não atendiam aos padrões para comercialização por conter altas quantidades de sementes verdes. Os grãos foram analisados quanto a diversos parâmetros físico-químicos e bioquímicos incluindo a análise dos pigmentos verdes imediatamente após a colheita e após 20 meses de armazenamento. A acidez foi medida adicionalmente após 30 meses de armazenamento. A atividade de água e umidade foram 0,6-0,7 e 8,7 %-11,9 %, respectivamente, e não mudaram durante a estocagem, mas houve um aumento em acidez o que indica atividade de lipases. A atividade da lipoxigenase 1 foi significativamente prejudicada. Imediatamente após a colheita os pigmentos verdes correspondiam a feofitina a, feofitina b e pequenas quantidades de clorofila a e b, e traços de outros derivados da clorofila, em ordem decrescente. Após 20 meses de estocagem quase todos os pigmentos haviam desaparecido. O déficit hídrico provavelmente aumentou a permeabilidade das membranas, o que levou a um aumento do pH e promoveu a transformação das clorofilas para feofitinas. Na segunda etapa do trabalho foi estudado o estágio avançado da degradação natural da clorofila na qual desaparece a coloração esverdeada dos grãos. Esta etapa corresponde à formação de catabólitos incolores (NCC), mas existem controvérsias se essas substâncias são os produtos finais da degradação...
Brazil is the second largest soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) producer and exporter in the world. The production depends on climatic factors, like temperature and rain volume. Soybeans cultivated in the south of the country in 2005 suffered drought stress imposed by adverse high ambient temperature, accompanied by low humidity during the reproductive stage. Little information is available regarding drought stress on quality of grains. In this study, firstly, chemical and biochemical characteristics of five soybean samples belonging to three cultivars grown under drought stress and did not meet standards for marketing due to high amounts of green seeds, were evaluated. Grains were analyzed for several physicochemical ad biochemical parameters, including analysis of pigment contents, immediately after harvest and after 20 months of storage at room temperature. Acidity was measured additionally after 30 month of storage. Water activity and humidity were 0.6 - 0.7 and 8.7 % - 11.9 %, respectively, and did not change during storage time, but there was an increase in acidity, which alludes to lipase activity. The activity of lipoxygenase 1 was significantly prejudiced. Immediately after harvest, green pigments corresponded mainly to pheophytin a, followed by pheophytin b, small quantities of chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a and traces of other chlorophyll derivatives. After 20 months of storage almost all green pigments had disappeared. Drought stress probably enhanced membrane permeability, which led to a lower pH and promoted transformation of chlorophylls to pheophytins. In the second part of the study, the advanced stage of natural chlorophyll degradation was investigated, in which the green colour of the seeds disappears. This stage corresponds to the formation of non-coloured chlorophyll catabolites (NCC), but there are controversies if those are the final products. Thus, the formation and degradation of NCC during soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)...
Subject(s)
Water/administration & dosage , Chlorophyll/analogs & derivatives , Soybeans/growth & development , Soybeans/physiology , Soybeans/chemistry , Climate Effects , Edible Grain/anatomy & histology , Food PreservationABSTRACT
This manuscript aimed to determine methods of daily pre-conditioning and concentrations of the tetrazolium solution for evaluating the quality of Parkia velutina Benoist seeds. The daily pre-condicionanting seed treatments were evaluated using three scarification methods: coating cutting on the opposite side of the hilum region, puncture in the medium region and scarification with sandpaper on both sides of the seed, followed by soaking each of the 25 seeds in 200 ml of wate and permanence in chamber 30 ºC for 16 hours. The concentrations of the tetrazolium solution tested were 1.0%, 0.5% and 0.1% for two hours at 40 ºC. The more efficient daily pre-conditioning treatlment was a combination of the coating cutting and the scarification n both sides of the seed. The 0.5% tetrazolium concentration can be used to evaluate the viability of P. velutina seeds as complement to the germination test. The tetrazolium test showed its efficiency in the characterization of injuries caused by insects and mechanical damages in P. velutina seeds.
O trabalho teve por objetivo determinar métodos de pré-condicionamento e concentrações da solução de tetrazólio na avaliação da qualidade de sementes de Parkia velutina Benoist. Os tratamentos pré-condicionantes das sementes foram avaliados com três métodos de escarificação: desponte na região oposta ao hilo, punção na região mediana e lixa nos dois lados da semente com posterior embebição em 200 ml de água para cada 25 sementes e permanência em câmara a 30 ºC por 16 horas. As concentrações da solução de tetrazólio testadas foram: 1,0%, 0,5% e 0,1% por duas horas na temperatura de 40 ºC. O tratamento de pré-condicionamento mais eficiente foi a combinação do desponte e lixamento nos dois lados da semente. A concentração de tetrazólio a 0,5% pode ser utilizada para avaliar a viabilidade das sementes de P. velutina como complemento ao teste de germinação. O teste de tetrazólio se mostrou eficiente na caracterização de lesões ocasionadas por insetos e danos mecânicos em sementes de P. velutina.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen fixing inoculum associated with Co + Mo leaf spray on the common bean grain yield and grain nutrients, cv. FT Nobre. Three dosages of the inoculant (0, 200 and 400 g/50 kg seeds), combined with four Co + Mo leaf spray levels (T0=0,0; T1=4.9,49; T2=7.3,73; and T3=9.7,97 g ha-1 of Co and Mo, respectively) were tested. The grain yield with the use of the inoculant (400 g / 5O kg seed-1) associated with the higher level of Co+Mo (T2 and T3) was very similar to the mineral nitrogen condition fertilizer recommended for the bean (70 kg ha-1 of N). With the increased inoculant dosage, an increase of the protein content and of P and Mg in the grain was also observed. The results indicated that the mineral nitrogen source could be replaced by inoculation of the seeds with Rhizobium tropici combined with Co + Mo leaf spray.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o uso do inoculante associado ao uso de adubação foliar de Co+Mo sobre a produtividade de grãos, acúmulo de nutrientes nos grãos de feijão comum, cv FT Nobre. Testaram-se 3 doses de inoculante (0, 200 e 400 g/ 50 kg de sementes) combinadas com 4 níveis de adubação foliar de Co+Mo, (T0=0 e 0; T1=4,9 e 49; T2=7,3 e 73; e T3=9,7 e 97 g ha-1 de Co e Mo, respectivamente). A produtividade dos grãos com o uso de inoculante (400 g / 50 kg de sementes) associado a alto nível de Co+Mo (T2 e T3) foi semelhante ao fornecimento de nitrogênio mineral (70 kg ha-1). O aumento das doses de inoculante também favoreceu o aumento dos teores de proteína, P e Mg nos grãos. Esses resultados indicam que o nitrogênio na forma de fertilizante mineral pode ser substituído pela prática da inoculação das sementes de feijão associado à adubação foliar de Co+Mo.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of seed quality on the using value of Akebia trifoliata. Methods The seed net weight and plumpness were determined by electric balance, the moisture content was determined by moisture meter and the germination rate were determined through germination test. Results The seed net weight degree, 100-grain weight, 1 000 -grain weight, moisture content, viability, germination rate, and germination potential of A. trifotiata fresh seed were 98.7%, 6.64 g, 66.6 g, 43.1%, 94.5%, 82.6%, and 52.8%, respectively. Being made air-dried for 10 d or 60 d, the moisture content of A. trifoliata seeds were 28.5% and 7.8%, respectively, the germination rate were 64.3% and 14.7% respectively. Conclusion It is suitable to put the A. trifoliata seeds into the 30 ℃ clear water for 24 h and make them sprout or be buried in the wet sand at a room temperature of 5-12 ℃. When the moisture content of seed is lower than 8%, it will lose the value to be cultivated.